www.virtuallyislamic.com

News about Islam, Muslims and Cyberspace

To recommend a news story for this page, please e-mail Gary Bunt. Related themes are discussed and developed in my research on Islam, Muslims and cyberspace, including my book Virtually Islamic. Some of the references to Islam and/or the Internet contained in these articles are quite subtle in nature, but nevertheless they caught my interest. External links are placed here for information purposes only, and their inclusion does not imply endorsement by this site's author. Some archive articles may require payment to access.

BBC News Online, Question: Do Iraqis have internet cafés?, 17 February 2003

Times of Oman, 10m SMS greetings exchanged during Eid holidays, 17 February 2003

Ananova, Bin Laden tape appears on Islamic websites, 16 February 2003 Also see ABC News/AP, 'Bin Laden' Tape Claims Plot Vs. Muslims, 17 February 2003 and an edited transcript from BBC Monitoring Service, 'Bin Laden' tape urges 'jihad': Excerpts, February 17, 2003

The Guardian, Google gets Blogger and better, 17 February 2003

IC Birmingham/Sunday Mercury, Midland Nazi turns to Islam, 16 February 2003 Includes references to use of internet discussion sites

Financial Times, Islamist leader denies proof of Kurdish group's al-Qaeda links, 17 February 2003 "A leading Kurdish Islamist said on Sunday that "young people" in Ansar al Islam, a Kurdish group linked by the US to al-Qaeda, were "living in an imaginary world" and had "learned to act like Osama bin Laden from the internet and television".

Washington Post, Islam Says Otherwise, 16 February 2003

New York Times, White House Scales Back Cyberspace Plan, 14 February 2003

The Guardian, Key role for young Muslims in struggle for peace, 14 February 2003 This includes a reference to the use of electronic media as an activist tool, specifically for co-ordinating the Anti War Demonstration in London on 15 Feb 03. Also see Muslim Association of Britain, who are key organisers.

Baku Today, Russia Concerned About Chechen Website, 14 February 2003 Russians concerned about Lithuanian ISP hosting Chechen websites...

Wired, U.S. Tries E-Mail to Charm Iraqis, 13 February 2003 It didn't work ...

Australian IT, Welcome to bloggers world, February 13, 2003 Refers to some useful new books, and also use of blogs by Iranian women.

Associated Press/StarTribune, British-based Islamic news agency says it has new Bin Laden tape, 13 February 2003 "the 53-minute tape was allegedly recorded this month and acquired from a seller who advertised over the Internet."[!!] More on this at IC Newcastle, Bin Laden vows to die as martyr in attack this year, February 13, 2003

The Star (Malaysia), Big breweries buy into Mideast malt business, 13 February 2003 ('halal' drinks promoted on-line)

BBC News Online, Bin Laden tape: Text, 12 February, 2003 Fox News, Bin Laden, in Audiotape, Calls on Muslims to Support Iraq, February 11, 2003 (includes audio translation). Al Jazeera Press Release on Bin Laden tape. CNN, Bergen: Bin Laden issued solidarity statement (discussion with Peter Bergen re. authenticity of tape), 11 February 2003 Also see CBS/WBZ News Radio, Are Osama And Saddam In Cahoots?, 13 February 2003

The Register, Do it with spanners - how the Iraq cyber attack will work 11 February 2003 - should be read in conjunction with: BBC News, US ponders cyber war plans, 10 February 2003

The Register, Europe plans its own NSA to 'boost cyber-security', 10 February 2003

2600 News, American Journalist Poses As Terrorist Group, Fools US Gov, 9 February 2003 Journalist Brian McWilliams apparently posed as Harkat-ul-Mujahideen online (the site has now been replaced by a statement by McWilliams), in order to gather intelligence information. Also see CBS News, Journalist Perpetrates Internet Hoax, February 7, 2003 The original Harkat mirror site, which predates the journalist's activities and contains Harkat's content (prior to its domain expiring), can be found at http://www.ummah.net.pk/harkat. McWilliams was responsible for the Islamic hacking 'hoax'. For details, see: The Inquirer, "Muslim" site wasn't hacked, February 6, 2003

Plain Dealer, Earle bravely blasts away with fiercely political songs, 7 February 2003 Steve Earle uses Internet to learn about Islam and write a song about John Walker Lindh

Islam-Online, Feeling-insecure@home.com, 6 February 2003 Cryptography for beginners ... "At a golden period of Islam 10th century Abbasid caliphs used encryption to ensure secure communications for the State. Books like “Adab al-Kuttab” (The Secretaries Manual) had sections dedicated to cryptography. Now cryptography is available to all, shouldn’t we be carrying on the tradition?"

The Guardian, X marks the spot, 6 February 2003 Looking for new ways to search the web? Considered latent semantic indexing?

BBC News, Internet access hits the wall, 7th February 2003

Reuters/ZDNet, Bush reportedly orders cyber-warfare plan, 7th February 2003

The Star, Religious court gets technology boost, 7 February 2003 Mahathir Mohamad launches an "e-Syariah [shari'ah] application system, a web-enabled Syariah Court case management system".

ZDNet, Ex-student accused of spying on campus, 7th February 2003

Associated Press/ABC News, Satellite Tracking Spurs Stalking Fears, 6 February 2003

OneWorld.net, Pakistan Province Logs Children Out of Cyber Cafés, 6 February 2003

Wired, Bush Data-Mining Plan in Hot Seat, 6 February 2003

MSNBC/Newsweek, The Theory and Practice of the Internet, 6 February 2003

The Register, 'Slammer terror' story sent to the, er, slammer, 6 February 2003

Washington Post/Associated Press, Evidence a Rare Look at U.S. Intelligence, 6 February 2003

New York Times, Intelligence Break Led U.S. to Tie Envoy Killing to Iraqi Qaeda Cell, 5 February 2003

Washington Post, Powell Lays Out Case Against Iraq, 5 February 2003

Arab News, More pilgrims converge on Makkah, 5 February 2003Saudi ministry using the Internet...

IslamOnline, To Beautify Image in Arab World, U.S. Launches Arabic TV Network, 4 February 2003

The Register, Cyberterror! Project Gutenberg URL swiped for Saddam, February 4 2003

Islam-Online, Internet "Extremely" More Important Than TV: Study, 1 February 2003

Egypt Today, Best of Both Worlds, February 2003

YaleOnline, Globalization and the Middle East: Part One, January 2003

NY Post, Microsoft's ‘Terror' $$ Goof, 30 January 2003

CNET/Reuters, Mosque mobiles silenced, January 30, 2003

The Washington Post/Seattle Times, Web site searches for patron saint for Internet, January 29, 2003

BBC News Online, Muslim cleric linked to Bali bombing, January 29, 2003

Islam-Online, Pakistan to Block Blasphemous, Pornographic Websites

Islam-Online, India Plans Cyber Defense Center, January 27, 2003

Borneo Bulletin, Internet, ICT blamed for youth decadence, January 27, 2003

Plain Dealer, Web makes ethnic spouse easier to find, 27 January 2003

AME Info, Egypt's Al-Azhar Initiated By HH General Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum's Project, January 27th, 2003[New www.alazharonline.org site digitally converting Al-Azhar's library - site currently not functioning, although URL registered in Dubai]

Ummah News, Bin Laden makes new plea for unity in jihad, 22 January 2003 [refers to Jihad Unspun website as channel for forthcoming 'bin Laden statement']

New York Times, 2 U.S. Computer Workers Are Shot, One Fatally, in Kuwait, 22 January 2003 [victims were software engineers]

Asia Times, Global jihad and the European arena, 23 January 2003 Author Reuben Paz, Senior Research Fellow at the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), Israel, from a May 2002 presentation.

The Age, Cable manners spark judge's wrath, 22 January 2003[Fazl Hadi Shinwari, Afghanistan's chief justice, 'outlaws' cable TV]. Also see BBC News Online, Afghans ban cable TV, 22 January 2003

BBC News Online, Computer virus author jailed, 22 January 2003[Welsh hacker jailed - contains general information about viruses.]

MSNBC, The Future of Internet Cafes , 22 January 2003[general article]

Star Online/AP, En route to the Haj, in Pakistani airport, 21 January 2003

Evening Standard/This is London, Mosque linked to key terror network, 21 January 2003[computers seized by police at Finsbury Park Mosque]. Also see contrasting general coverage of this story: Islam Online, Police Use Helicopters, Heavy Force to Raid London Mosque, 20 January 2003, Ummah News, British police raid London mosque, 20 January 2003 The Sun, Sling your hook, 21 January 2003, Muslim Council of Britain, We Muslims are also the victims of terror, 21 January 2003

Israel Defense Forces, The Upcoming Goals of Al-Qaida: Kidnapping Civilians and Attacking Embassies, January 20th, 2003 [cites Maalim Al-Jihad]. Also see Jornal da tarde, Al Qaida faz mais ameaças via internet, 21 January 2003

CBS News, Osama's Satellite Phone Switcheroo, 20 January 2003 Also see Islam Online, Moroccan Reveals Bin Laden's Escape: Washington Post, 21 January 2003

Associated Press/MSNBC,Profiling the hackers, 20 January 2003[profiles of network users can be generated through new software]

CNN, Bin Laden 'in jihad call' - paper, January 20, 2003[based on al-Sharq al-Awsat report, issued by Center for Islamic Studies and Research]

Islam Online, Islamic Gold Dinar Will Minimize Dependency on U.S. Dollar, 13 January 2003[e-dinar + transactions online]

Al Bawaba, Sources: Iraq blocks Internet access following American propaganda campaign, 13 January 2003

Weekly Standard, The Spy Who Came in From the Mosque: Reda Hassaine fled Islamist Algeria. In London, he infiltrated bin Laden's network, 13 January 2003

Newsweek, The End of the Double Game, 13 January 2003[article on Saudi Arabia]

Arab News, Internet service to become free in Kingdom soon, 12 January 2003[free access for Saudi Arabia?]

Associated Press/ABC News, E-Mail Attributed to Bin Laden Deputy, 7 January 2003

Arab News, Using corporate resources to send personal e-mails, 7 January 2003 [Article about junk mail in Saudi Arabia, and computer marketing]

New York Times, On the Scent of Terrorists, 6 January 2003

SF Indymedia/Ha'aretz, Associated Press, Agence France Presse, About the "Tanzim Qa'edat al Jihad, 6 January 2003 [scroll down for article]

WirelessWeek.com, Dubai Islamic Bank first to launch Arabic SMS banking service in UAE, 6 January 2003

Wired, Is This the Face of a Terrorist?, January 4 2003

National Post, Somali mosque apologizes for e-mail, Regrets offence to 'Christian neighbours', 6 January 2003

Newsweek, Al Qaeda's New Life, 23 December 2002

The Pluralism Project at the University of Michigan-Dearborn: World Religions in Metropolitan Detroit, December 2002 [link goes to Islam photos]. An article from the Detroit News about the project can be found here.

BBC Online, War on terror 'threatens' UK Muslims, 23 December 2002

AME Info, UAE to have its first batch of women e-commerce specialists by 2003..., 23 December 2002

Wired, Terrorists on the Net? Who Cares?, 20 December 2002

Sydney Morning Herald, Malaysian police arrest seven over internet terror rumours, 20 December 2002

ITN, Stars help Mandela fight Aids, 20 December 2002

News.com.au, Radicals recruit for jihad online, 19 December 2002

Newsweek, Khomeini’s Children, 23 December 2002

Washington Post, Preaching Democracy, Teaching Islam, Turkish Group Promotes Tolerance in Germany, but Skepticism Remains, 19 December 2002

Washington Post, 5 in Texas Jailed in Hamas Probe, 19 December 2002

Wired, One Man's Info War on al-Qaida, 18 December 2002

BBC Online, Al-Qaeda: War fought in the shadows, 17 December 2002

Associated Press, Islamic Group Shows Battle Videos on Web, 17 December 2002

Associated Press, Muslim hop-hop group raps for Allah, 16 December 2002

MSNBC/Newsweek, Muhammad Atta's Neighbours, 16 December 2002

Al-Ahram, Preacher on the run, 12-18 December 2002

The Observer, From schoolgirl Emma to Asma, the Syrian icon, 15 December 2002

The Register, US! .gov! shuts Saddam! sprog! Yahoo! account!, 12 December 2002

Daily Telegraph, Al-Qa'eda 'recruiting in Holland', 11 December 2002

Canton Rep, Rogue Web sites spread threats, 11 December 2002

BBC, Al-Qaeda 'forms Palestinian branch', 6 December 2002. Also see Washington Post/MSNBC, Al Qaeda Web site targets Israel, 6 December 2002

Associated Press/CT Now, Terror probe targets software company: Boston company's clients reportedly include goverment agencies, 6 December 2002 Also see MSNBC, Al-Qaida link eyed in Mass. raid, 6 December 2002

The Inquirer, Islamic fundamentalist hackers launch 100+Web attacks, 5 December 2002

Arab News, Coke hoax fizzles out, 5 December 2002

Outthere News, Al-Qaeda threatens wider war, [regularly updated resource]

Wired, An Inside Look at China Filters, 4 December 2002 [includes official Saudi Arabian feedback to the related Harvard Law School report on filtering. Also see MSNBC, How to be censored by China online, 4 December 2002

BBC, Youth shapes Iran's economy', 3 December 2002

Spiegel Online, Bekennerschreiben der Qaida, 3 December 2002

Wired, Doubt Cast on bin Laden Tape, 3 December 2002

Wired 'Religion & Science' edition, December 2002

Silicon.com/Yahoo News, Hamas declares a 'digital jihad', 28 November 2002

New California Media, Method to His Madness - Why Bush is Obsessed With Saddam, 27 Nov 2002

Arab News, Dr. Nahed Taher — challenging the status quo, 25 November 2002

Khilafah.com (reproducing article from The Australian), The objectives of those who work to establish Islam in the world, November 22 2002

iafrica, Bali blast mastermind is computer buff, November 22 2002

Haganah b'internet November 2002 relaunch on Israeli URL of the 'online self-defence force' focusing on Islamic activists.

CT Now, Stolen Credit Drives Web Network, November 17 2002

Gulf News, Al Maktoum Institute signs deal with Dubai Internet City, November 11 2002

Yahoo News, How Al Qaeda Put Internet In Service Of Global Jihad, November 11 2002

The Register, Want to know what people email to Saddam Hussein?, October 30, 2002

BBC, Islamic hackers step up attacks, October 29, 2002

Wired, Dear Saddam, How Can I Help? , October 29, 2002

NY Times, Online in Cairo, with News, Views and 'Fatwa Corner', October 28, 2002

Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney-based Islamic Web site to be taken down, October 18, 2002

Wired, Terror Turns Real for Horror Site, October 18, 2002

USA Today, Militants wire Web with links to jihad, October 7, 2002

BBC, Tunisia's dissidents battle cyber-police, September 6, 2002

Reuters/Express India, 9/11 mastermind invited to Cairo Islamic seminar, 2 September 2002

Wired, Did FBI Bungle E-Mail Evidence? 30 Aug 2002

Wired, How Al-Qaida Site Was Hijacked 20 Aug 2002

Washington Post, Sleuths Invade Military PCs With Ease, 20 Aug 2002

BBC News Online, Waiting for the fatwa, 15 August 2002

Associated Press/Mercury News, Briton cleared over `jihad' site, 10 August 2002

BBC News, Saudis block 2,000 websites, 31 July, 2002

Jonathan Zittrain* and Benjamin Edelman,Berkman Center for Internet & Society Harvard Law School, Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia [report], July, 2002

DotJournalism, Weblogs give voice to Iranian women, 30 July, 2002

Weblogs give voice to Iranian women

MSNBC/Associated Press, Chance to track al-Qaida online lost? Maryland man hijacks Web site for FBI use, but agents pass, 30 July, 2002

London Review of Books, The Great Unleashing, [review of Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam] 25 July, 2002

MSNBC, U.S. woos Arabs with pop music, 24 July, 2002

Guardian, Terrorism.com, 17 July, 2002

BBC News, Hackers could face life in jail, 16 July 2002

BBC News, Hackers target web censorship, 15 July 2002

BBC News, Villagers try out net on wheels, 15 July 2002

Dawn, Afghan girls learning IT to help develop country, 10 July 2002

CNN, Iranian village gets wired for the Web, 6 July 2002

Web Host Industry Review, Militant Islamic Web Site Avoided Shutdown, 2 July 2002

Europemedia, Virtual museum to promote Islamic culture, 1 July 2002

Arab News, Coffee, tea or chat friend?, 27 June 2002

CNN, Al Qaeda: New bin Laden video on the way [refers to drasat.com and alneda.com], 25 June 2002

BBC News, Pro-Islamic hackers join forces, 19 June 2002

MSNBC/Newsweek, Hiding (and Seeking) Messages on the Web, 17 June 2002

McKenzie Institute, Bin Laden's Terror Networks in Europe, May 26 2002

Wired, "Jordan Punishes Net Critic", May 17, 2002

Wired, "Turkey passes strict Net Law", May 15, 2002

BBC, Teaching goes virtual in Pakistan, 13 May 2002

Sydney Morning Herald, Cyber jihad' warning to terror experts, 8 May 2002

IT-Director, The e-Jihad against Western Business, 5 April 2002

,vnunet.com, Surfers take spiritual quest online, 2 April 2002

New York Times, Terror's Confounding Online Trail, 28 March 2002

BBC News, Bahrain blocks opposition websites, 26 March 2002

New York Times, Al Qaeda's Grocery Lists and Manuals of Killing, 17 March 2002

vnu.net/IT Director, Bin Laden steps up holy war via email, 30 March 2002

MSNBC, How al-Qaida keeps in touch, March 6 2002

Guardian, Iran nets another revolt, 21 February 2002

Associated Press/The Star (Canada), Islamic militant admits emailing Pearl messages, 21 February 2002

BBC, Tracing the kidnappers' e-mails, February 8, 2002

Wired/Associated Press, Talib's Anti-American E-Mails, February 7, 2002

New York Times, Hot-Synching With a Heavenly Presence, February 7, 2002

Salon, The Encrypted Jihad, February 4, 2002

Straits Times, New proof shows link to Al-Qaeda, 25 January 2002

Straits Times, Mosque raps Fateha for 'sign up for jihad' e-mail, 23 January 2002

MSNBC, E-mail ties Richard Reid to Pakistan, January 19, 2002

New York Times, Electronic Primer for an Afghan Language, January 7, 2002

MSNBC/Washington Post, Probe of Sept. 11 financing wraps up, January 7, 2002

Wired, Trolling the Web for Afghan Dead, 4 January 2002

MSNBC/Wall Street Journal, Computer in Kabul holds chilling memos, 31 December 2001

MSNBC/Associated Press, New technology unveils Arab views, 30 December 2001

The Register, How Carnivore Works, 19 December 2001

New Statesman, Mossad wants to hire new blood, 13th December 2001 [use site search engine to locate title]

AFP/Hindustan Times, Al-Qaeda will strike again: Islamic sites, 3th December 2001

The Register, US assumes global cyber-police authority, 27 November 2001

BBC, US shuts down Somalia internet, 23 November 2001

Al-Jazeera, Arab Media and the Information Age [book review, in Arabic], 21 November 2001

Wall Street Journal Online, Islamic Web Sites Draw Crowds To Details on Religion, Culture, November 21 2001 (interview with Gary Bunt)

New York Times, Companies Compete to Provide Saudi Internet Veil, November 19 2001

Wired, It's All Arabic-English to Him, November 12 2001

BBC News, Saudis pay to surf censored sites, 3 November, 2001

The Daily Star (Lebanon), Palestinians are taking the Intifada online, November 2 2001

The Register, Mideast 'cyberwar' veteran indicted, November 1 2001

Wired, Does Official Taliban Site Exist?, October 30 2001

SANS Institute, Hacktivism: Compromise Techniques Used by GFORCE-Pakistan, October 24 2001

BBC, Hacktivists take sides in war, 23 October, 2001

Salon.com, A thousand and one e-mails, October 12 2001

Agence France-Presse, Vigilante hackers find their own website hacked, October 12 2001

CNN, 'Muppet' producers miffed over Bert-bin Laden image

Jewish World Review, Crush American web sites of terror, October 11 2001

The Guardian, Battle Station, October 9 2001

Newsbytes, 'Terror Killers' Go On Site Defacement Spree, October 8 2001

The Register, iomart cashes in on WTC tragedy, October 11 2001

AlterNet, Bert Leaves Sesame Street for bin Laden?, October 11 2001

MSNBC, Dirty tricks of hunt for al-Qaida cash, October 8 2001

BBC, Islamic terror code 'breakthrough',October 5 2001

Le Monde Interactif, Des garde-fous contre la cybersurveillance,October 5 2001

MSNBC, U.K. shuts suspected terror Web site, October 4 2001

Le Monde Interactif, On assiste à l'émergence d'un "hacking" national, qui s'associe aux différentes formes de guerre que se livrent les Etats. October 5 2001

The Register, We've cracked into bin Laden's bank - UK hackers, October 1 2001

LA Times, The Terrorists are winning the cyber war, 21 September 2001

The Register, Hackers lash out at Islamic Usenet group, 19 September 2001

The Register, FBI condemns vigilante hacking, 19 September 2001

Spiegel Online, Deutsche Website rekrutiert Gotteskrieger, 19 September 2001

Spiegel Online, FBI-Steckbrief statt Taliban-Propaganda, 19 September 2001

The Mirror, Internet Threat: Web of Terror, 19 September 2001

NY Times, I.S.P.'s Curb Terrorist Postings and an Anti-Islamic Backlash, 18 September 2001

MSNBC, FBI: Beware ‘patriot’ hackers, 18 September 2001

ZD Net, Hackers strike at Islamic Web sites, 18 September 2001

La Liberte, L'Afghanistan serait le seul etat musulman, 18 September 2001

The Register, Bomb the ISPs - Daily Telegraph, 17 September 2001

E-Commerce, Hackers Mobilize for War against Islamic Web Sites, 17 September 2001

IslamOnline, IslamOnline Receives Terrorist Threat, 14 September 2001

IslamOnline, US Muslim Scholars Condemn Attacks, 14 September 2001

Cosmiverse, Did Echelon Overlook Terrorist Threat?, 14 September 2001

Newsweek, Did Encryption Empower These Terrorists?, 11 September 2001

MSNBC, Anti-Arab sentiment festers online, 11 September 2001

United Nations Development Programme, Making new technologies work for human development [Report], July 2001

Ananova, Cybersex addiction causing marital problems in Malaysia, 16 July 2001

AFP, Malaysian Mulim men not allowed to divorce via mobile phone, 14 July 2001

Ananova, Taliban 'ban the internet', 13 July 2001

Arab News, Zeba Haider, Net has changed our attitude towards life, 8 July 2001

Salon/AP, CIA says hackers move too fast, 21 June 2001 News

Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 29 May 2001, Islamic Internet article (refers to Virtually Islamic) in Arabic, PDF File requires Acrobat Reader

Yahoo/Reuters, Marty Logan, Malaysian State Ponders Curbs on Cyber Cafe Menu, 21 June 2001

Al Azhar's library to get wired up to the Internet Middle East Times/Islam for Today, 9 March 2001

IslamOnline, Banned Islamist Newspaper Goes Online, 26 February 2001

Guardian, Losing the Saudi cyberwar, Brian Whitaker, February 26, 2001

Al-Bab, Arab Media: Saudi Internet Rules, Council of Ministers Resolution, 12 February 2001, translated from Al-Watan newspaper 21/11/1421

ZD-Net, Crackdown: Are hackers terrorists? Will Knight, 20 February 2001

India Express, Rajasthan police to combat militants’ cyber-war, 19th Feb 2001   

Hindustan Times, What are Islamic fundamentalists doing in porn sites? The CIA tells you..., Pramit Pal Chaudhuri, February 18 2001

IslamOnline, U.S. Based Islamic Website Hacked, 16 February 2001

LA Times, Mark Fineman, Kuwaitis Are Facing a Conflict Between Morality and Freedom, 3 February 2001

eCountries, Simeon Kerr, "Online Trading Comes to Islam", 10 January 2001

MSNBC, Amy Tan, "Singapore mosques plug into Web", 7 January 2001

iDefense Intelligence Services, Special Report: Israeli-Palestinian Cyber Conflict, January 4, 2001

Business2.com, Emily Fitzloff, "Turkish Kids Arrested for Web Use", 9 January 2001

Newsbytes, Malaysia Takes Action on Anti-Islam Internet Surfers, 12 December 2000

Arab Media: the Internet

BBC News Online, Wired Up Ramadan, November 24, 2000

Thomas Greene, Cyberwar in the Middle East, 30 October 2000

Newsbytes, Palestine takes the Middle Eastern War Online, October 25, 2000

Daily Star, Lebanon. New battleground: resistance moves into cyberspace Israel’s supporters try to knock Hizbullah’s site offline, October 20, 2000

Guardian, Cyberspace frees Iran's rebel cleric, August 5, 2000

Reuters, Saudi Arabia Blocks Internet Users From Yahoo Clubs, August 13, 2000

Guardian, Saudis claim victory in war for control of web, Thursday May 11, 2000

BBC News, "Internet cafe opens in Baghdad", 27 July 2000

BBC News, "Iranian conservative slams Internet", 23 Jan 1999

BBC News, "Online Investing for Muslims", 27 Mar 2000

Wired, "Virtual Refuge for Gay Muslims", 8 May 2000

Wired, "Report: Mideast Misses the Net", 8 Jul 1999

NZZ, "Internet Cafés Instead of Hit Squads - A Fragile Peace in Southeast Turkey", 9 August 2000

Josef W. Meri, "Software and Technology Review: Multilingual Computing in Middle East Studies", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol. 34 No. 1

First Monday, Michel Bauwens, Spirituality and Technology, 1996

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