University of Wales Trinity Saint David

School of Classics | Information for Current Postgraduate Students

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Study Skills : References

It is essential in writing your essays that you follow the correct procedures for referencing your work.  Failure to do so can cost you marks since correct referencing is an important part of academic practice.  More seriously you can be accused of plagiarism and face all its potential consequences (see below) if you fail to acknowledge where you discovered your information.

Therefore, you must show where ALL your information comes from.  You must reference:

  • Direct quotations from ancient sources.
  • Direct quotations from secondary literature (i.e. the modern sources).
  • Paraphrases of an ancient source (but please note, paraphrasing of secondary literature, even if referenced, is to be avoided).
  • Ideas advanced by other people in the secondary literature.

There are numerous different ways of referencing but we suggest that you use the following system:

For quotations from or discussions of secondary literature give abbreviated references in footnotes, e.g. Pomeroy (1975), 99.  (You should bear in mind that footnotes are included in the word count for your work – abbreviated references are far more economical than repeating information given in a bibliography!)

For quotations or paraphrases taken directly from ancient sources, you should give the references like this, e.g. Petronius, Satyrica 100.

If, however, you take quotations of ancient writers from modern books, give the reference like this, e.g. Petronius, Satyrica 100, from Pomeroy (1975), 99.

 

If there is something you think should be added or changed in these pages, please contact Errietta Bissa.

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